Patrick O’Toole

Age: 73-year-old male

Examiner

Marking Scheme

History

  • Ask about onset of bleeding and clarify if it is bleeding from the nose, haematemesis or haemoptysis
  • Ask if blood is bright red or dark
  • Ask about frequency of symptoms –how often does he see blood and how much blood does he loose.
  • Ask about sinus infection; Nasal dripping, blocked nose, recent flu, previous history of sinus infection.
  • Ask about associated symptoms -Cough, difficulty swallowing, hoarse voice, neck lumps, change in appetite, nasal obstructions, facial or visual symptoms(this will indicate nasopharyngeal cancer).
  • Ask about weight loss, night sweats
  • Ask how long patient has been on apixaban and if he has been regular with his medication.
  • Ask about anaemia red flags – Palpitations, chest pain, SOB, dizziness, light headedness, headache, tiredness.
  • Ask about social history-smoking, alcohol etc.
  • Give diagnosis of possible nasopharyngeal carcinoma but could potentially also be a sinus infection.

Mr. O’Toole, thank you for sharing your concerns. You are absolutely right that apixaban can increase the risk of bleeding, and this could partly explain the blood you’ve been noticing. It’s also possible that a sinus infection or irritation in the back of your nose could be contributing to your symptoms.

However, I am concerned about the weight loss you’ve described, and I want to make sure we don’t miss anything serious. One condition we need to rule out is something called nasopharyngeal cancer, which is a cancer that can develop at the back of the nose.

I understand this might come as a shock to hear, but please know I’m not saying you have cancer. It’s just that your symptoms and smoking history mean this is something we cannot overlook. To get to the bottom of this, I’ll be referring you urgently to an ear, nose, and throat specialist. You’ll be seen within two weeks, and they’ll take a closer look at your nose and throat to find the cause of your symptoms.  It’s important to stay proactive, and we’ll be with you every step of the way.

Management

  • Offer face to face to listen to patient’s chest, use otoscope to look into his nostrils, check blood pressure and pulse.
  • Offer blood test to look a renal function, FBC, Clotting profile.
  • Offer 2WW referral to ENT.
  • Offer Chest Xray for completion.
  • Inform patient that he should not stop his apixaban at the moment as there is no heavy bleeding and at the moment, risk of stopping apixaban (Stroke) outweigh benefits of bleeding (This is because bleeding is not heavy and only streaks of blood).

Explain to him; Mr. O’Toole, I understand your concern about whether the apixaban might be contributing to the bleeding. You are absolutely right that apixaban can increase the risk of bleeding. However, based on what you’ve described—your symptoms being intermittent over the past 2-3 months, with no active bleeding currently and no signs of significant blood loss such as dizziness or a racing heart—we believe that continuing apixaban is the safer option at this time.

This medication is very important for reducing your risk of serious complications, particularly a stroke, which can occur due to atrial fibrillation. The benefits of staying on apixaban currently outweigh the risks. Of course, we will keep monitoring your condition closely and reassess if there are any changes or if your symptoms worsen.

In the meantime, it’s important to keep an eye on your symptoms. If you notice that the bleeding becomes more severe, such as coughing up a lot of blood, passing black or tarry stools, feeling faint, or experiencing any unusual bruising, please seek urgent medical attention or contact us immediately.

  • Offer smoking cessation advice
  • Safety net-if he has not heard from specialist within 2 weeks, to contact the GP surgery. If his symptoms of bleeding get worse or he becomes dizzy, light headed or racing of his heart, then he should seek urgent medical advice.

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